[106] Reinach was widely admired and a remarkable teacher. University of Chicago Press. [67]:159 In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions (e.g. According to Heidegger, his relationship with Husserl had strained when the latter had publicly "settled accounts" with him and Max Scheler during the early 1930s. In 1878, he joined the ‘Frederick William University’ of Berlin. Two years later in Italy he paid a visit to Franz Brentano his inspiring old teacher and to Constantin Carathéodory the mathematician. A proposition that says: "The product of the sum and the difference of a and b should give us the difference of the squares of a and b" does express a normative proposition, but this normative statement is based on the theoretical statement "(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²". 3. He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his day, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge, while at the same time he elaborated … They are very similar to today's logic ". In 1910 he became joint editor of the journal Logos. Roger Scruton, despite some disagreements with Husserl, drew upon his work in Sexual Desire (1986). Edith Stein (religious name Teresia Benedicta a Cruce OCD; also known as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross or St. Edith Stein; 12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942) was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Catholicism and became a Discalced Carmelite nun.She is canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church, and she is one of six co-patron saints of Europe. has an object that it is about: the believed, the wanted. [55] Yet a problem arises similar to that dealing with 'history' above, a chicken-and-egg problem. To achieve this he uses several methods and concepts taken from his teachers. At Vienna in 1883 he obtained his PhD with the work Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (Contributions to the Calculus of Variations). [91] In his Logical Investigations, Husserl explicitly mentioned Bolzano, G. W. Leibniz and Hermann Lotze as inspirations for his newer position. For example, a triangle remains a triangle if one of its sides is extended but it ceases to be a triangle if a fourth side is added. David Carr commented on Husserl's following in his 1970 dissertation at Yale: "It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task" as originally intended by the radical new science. Efter studentexamen påbörjade Husserl universitetsstudier i … A Festschrift to celebrate his seventieth birthday was presented to him on 8 April 1929. Rosado Haddock, G. E., "On Husserl’s Distinction between State of Affairs (Sachverhalt) and Situation of Affairs (Sachlage)", in C. Ortiz Hill and G. E. Rosado Haddock. From the Ideen onward, Husserl concentrated on the ideal, essential structures of consciousness. Husserl criticized the logicians of his day for not focusing on the relation between subjective processes that give us objective knowledge of pure logic. He grew up with two brothers and a sister. Levinas then began to write works that would become widely known and admired. He expressed very strong appreciation for Husserl's work, especially with regard to "bracketing" or "epoché". This is a semantic stratum, and the rules of this stratum would be the "laws to avoid counter-sense" or "laws to prevent contradiction". There, he studied mathematics under the tutelage of Karl Weierstrass and Leopold Kronecker. [62] The dedication can still be found in a footnote on page 38, thanking Husserl for his guidance and generosity. "[73], Husserl's thought is revolutionary in several ways, most notably in the distinction between "natural" and "phenomenological" modes of understanding. Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy; indeed, Franz Brentano is often credited as being his most important influence, e.g., with regard to intentionality. His eulogy was delivered by his research assistant, Eugen Fink. Husserl also identifies a series of "formal words" which are necessary to form sentences and have no sensible correlates. Such observations of Heidegger, along with a critique of Max Scheler, were put into a lecture Husserl gave to various Kant Societies in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Halle during 1931 entitled Phänomenologie und Anthropologie. The movement was expanded later at the universities of Munich and Göttingen in Germany, by a group of his followers. In 1933, due to racial laws, having been born to a Jewish family, he was expelled from the library of the University of Freiburg, and months later resigned from the Deutsche Akademie. Originally published in Polish, it was translated by Andrzej Potocki and edited by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in the Analecta Husserliana. He was the second child (and the second son) of a Jewish milliner named Adolf. 1. Collaborated with him numerous disciples, among them are … Esquisse d'une description phénoménologique" in. It is also believed that through this work, Husserl became the first to reason consciously (and at length) on parts and wholes (a study known as mereology in philosophy and mathematical logic). Biografi. 1987. See above subsection "Heidegger and the Nazi era". Edmund Husserl's Phenomenology. The ban was, however, lifted the following week, amidst massive public opposition. Husserl-Archives at the University of Cologne. After the war he wrote on Jewish spirituality; most of his family had been murdered by the Nazis in Lithuania. Apparently Husserl and Heidegger had moved apart during the 1920s, which became clearer after 1928 when Husserl retired and Heidegger succeeded to his university chair. Frege's attack seems to be directed at certain foundational doctrines then current in Weierstrass's Berlin School, of which Husserl and Cantor cannot be said to be orthodox representatives. Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (lahir di Prostějov (Prossnitz), Moravia, Ceko, 8 April 1859 – meninggal di Freiburg, Jerman, 26 April 1938 pada umur 79 tahun) adalah seorang filsuf Jerman, yang dikenal sebagai bapak fenomenologi. Roman Ingarden, an early student of Husserl at Freiburg, corresponded with Husserl into the mid-1930s. Finally, there are names which designate a variety of objects. His inaugural lecture on “Die reine Phänomenologie, ihr Forschungsgebiet und ihre Methode” (“Pure Phenomenology, Its Area of … Only the ego's grasp "by analogy" of the Other (e.g., by conjectural reciprocity) allows the possibility for an 'objective' intersubjectivity, and hence for community. Smith, D. W., and Thomasson, Amie L. On Husserl's phenomenological idealism see. [124], José Ortega y Gasset visited Husserl at Freiburg in 1934. Edmund Husserl - Edmund Husserl - Phenomenology as the universal science. Edmund Husserl: Formal Ontology and Transcendental Logic. Also Known As: Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl, Spouse/Ex-: Malvine Steinschneider (m. 1887), siblings: Emil, Heinrich), Helene Brunner neé Husserl, children: Elisabeth Franziska Carola Husserl, Gerhart Adolf Husserl, Wolfgang Husserl, place of death: Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, education: University of Vienna, Leipzig University, University of Freiburg, Humboldt University of Berlin, Quotes By Edmund Husserl | This was not due to a negation of the relationship between the two philosophers, however, but rather was the result of a suggested censorship by Heidegger's publisher who feared that the book might otherwise be banned by the Nazi regime. Heidegger's magnum opus Being and Time was dedicated to Husserl. Husserl gave four lectures on Phenomenological method at University College, London in 1922. Does the lifeworld contextualize and thus compromise the gaze of the pure ego, or does the phenomenological method nonetheless raise the ego up transcendent? There are two kinds of categories: meaning categories and formal-ontological categories. At times Husserl saw his goal as one of moral "renewal". Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl was born on April 8, 1859, in Prostějov, Margraviate of Moravia, Austrian Empire (modern-day Prostějov, Czech Republic). Landgrebe is known as one of Husserl's closest associates, but also for his independent views relating to history, religion and politics as seen from the viewpoints of existentialist philosophy and metaphysics. : In the Göttingen years, Husserl drafted the outline of Phenomenology as a universal philosophical science. Mathematics, on the other hand, is formal ontology; it studies all the possible forms of being (of objects). Husserl responds by saying that truth itself, as well as logical laws, always remain valid regardless of psychological "evidence" that they are true. The apolitical Husserl before had specifically avoided such historical discussions, pointedly preferring to go directly to an investigation of consciousness. Život. He founded the journal ‘Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung’ (‘Yearbook for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research’) at ‘Freiburg’ in 1912. According to Frege the reference of a sentence is a truth value; for Husserl it is a "state of affairs." Elizabeth would marry in 1922, and Gerhart in 1923; Wolfgang, however, became a casualty of the First World War. Gerhart went on to become a legal scholar and philosopher and served as a professor of law at the ‘University of Kiel.’ He was later dismissed from the institute because of the ‘Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service.’ He later immigrated to the U.S. and taught at the ‘University of Washington.’. Husserl c. 1910s. Edmund Husserl Collected Works, English translation of Husserl's works. "[40] Ideen advanced his transition to a "transcendental interpretation" of phenomenology, a view later criticized by, among others, Jean-Paul Sartre. In a letter dated 24 May 1891, Frege thanked Husserl for sending him a copy of the Philosophy of Arithmetic and Husserl's review of Ernst Schröder's Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik. Husserl's father Adolf had died in 1884. 2. Since his university retirement Husserl had "worked at a tremendous pace, producing several major works."[28]. [28][29], At the University of Leipzig from 1876 to 1878, Husserl studied mathematics, physics, and astronomy. He then became ill with pleurisy and died on April 27, 1938, in Freiburg. From Brentano and Stumpf he takes over the distinction between proper and improper presenting. In post-war editions of Sein und Zeit the dedication to Husserl is restored. Noemata have three different levels: Consequently, in intentional activities, even non-existent objects can be constituted, and form part of the whole noema. He wrote the Sixth Cartesian Meditation which Husserl said was the truest expression and continuation of his own work. In November 1917 one of his outstanding students and later a noted philosophy professor in his own right, Adolf Reinach, was killed in the war while serving in Flanders.[29]. In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung ("Yearbook for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research") was founded by Husserl and his school, and which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930. 1, Issue 1, 1913). Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900–1901) is considered the starting point for the formal theory of wholes and their parts known as mereology. Pure logic does not deal at all with "thoughts" or "judgings" as mental episodes but about a priori laws and conditions for any theory and any judgments whatsoever, conceived as propositions in themselves. Regional ontology involves applying this method to the essences corresponding to the highest genera.[89]. His childhood was spent in Prostějov, where he attended the secular elementary school. Thanks to "eidetic reduction" (or "essential intuition"), we are able to grasp the possibility, impossibility, necessity and contingency among concepts and among formal categories. Every belief, desire, etc. The problem with the psychological approach to mathematics and logic is that it fails to account for the fact that this approach is about formal categories, and not simply about abstractions from sensibility alone. Its fundamental methodological principle was what Husserl called the phenomenological reduction. He then began working as an assistant to Karl Weierstrass in Berlin. On the contrary, Husserl may be indicating here that historical traditions are merely features given to the pure ego's intuition, like any other. It drew the adverse notice of Gottlob Frege, who criticized its psychologism. According to psychologism, logic would not be an autonomous discipline, but a branch of psychology, either proposing a prescriptive and practical "art" of correct judgement (as Brentano and some of his more orthodox students did)[95] or a description of the factual processes of human thought. Hence Frege recognized, as early as 1891, that Husserl distinguished between sense and reference. The substratum, which is never presented to the consciousness, and is the support of all the properties of the object; "Philosophy as Rigorous Science", translated in. Edmund Husserl on the Open Commons of Phenomenology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&oldid=1000783502, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni, Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2020, Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2020, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The first stratum is what Husserl called a "morphology of meanings" concerning, The second stratum would be called by Husserl "logic of consequence" or the "logic of non-contradiction" which explores all possible forms of true judgments. Knowledge of essences would only be possible by "bracketing" all assumptions about the existence of an external world. Accordingly, they employed phenomenology in the development of categorial grammar. [34][35], In 1901 Husserl with his family moved to the University of Göttingen, where he taught as extraordinarius professor. Husserl was incorrectly rumoured to have been denied the use of the library at Freiburg as a result of the anti-Jewish legislation of April 1933. Husserliana:Materialien, edition for lectures and shorter works. [60][61], In the war-time 1941 edition of Heidegger's primary work, Being and Time (Sein und Zeit, first published in 1927), the original dedication to Husserl was removed. [88] The changed feature is inessential to this kind if the object can survive its change, otherwise it belongs to the kind's essence. German–American philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, who had a long romantic association with Heidegger, once called Heidegger a "potential murderer" whose behavior toward Husserl had caused the latter’s death. The German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) is considered the father of phenomenology, one of the most important trends in 20th-century philosophy. [43][44] In 1913 Karl Jaspers visited Husserl at Göttingen. In the years 1876–78 Husserl studiedastronomy in Leipzig, where he also attended courses of lectures inmathematics, physics and philosophy. [49], In 1933, the racial laws of the new Nazi regime were enacted. He also discussed Kant, Galileo, and Descartes in his approach to a philosophy of history. He earned his PhD from the institute in 1883. In his Logical Investigations, Husserl mentions Frege only twice, once in a footnote to point out that he had retracted three pages of his criticism of Frege's The Foundations of Arithmetic, and again to question Frege's use of the word Bedeutung to designate "reference" rather than "meaning" (sense). Husserl pointed out that the failure of anti-psychologists to defeat psychologism was a result of being unable to distinguish between the foundational, theoretical side of logic, and the applied, practical side. [33], Following his marriage Husserl began his long teaching career in philosophy. Scholars such as J. N. Mohanty, Claire Ortiz Hill, and Guillermo E. Rosado Haddock, among others, have argued that Husserl's so-called change from psychologism to Platonism came about independently of Frege's review. The notion of objects as real is not expelled by phenomenology, but "bracketed" as a way in which we regard objects—instead of a feature that inheres in an object's essence founded in the relation between the object and the perceiver. Husserl's discussion of Galileo is famous. Psychologists have also not been successful in showing how from induction or psychological processes we can justify the absolute certainty of logical principles, such as the principles of identity and non-contradiction. [92][93]:253–262 Husserl asserted in the “fourth meditation” that transcendental phenomenology was transcendental idealism. Sokolowski, Robert. Edmund Husserl. Consequently, Frege and Husserl independently elaborated a theory of sense and reference before 1891. Moreover, the distinction between the subjective mental act, namely the content of a concept, and the (external) object, was developed independently by Brentano and his school, and may have surfaced as early as Brentano's 1870s lectures on logic. Among people deceased in 1938, Edmund Husserl ranks 2. Both Gerhart and Wolfgang went to fight on the Western Front during World War I, in October 1914. This means that we should regard logical and mathematical laws as being independent of the human mind, and also as an autonomy of meanings. After a short stint in the military, he started focusing on philosophy. These were taken to Leuven and preserved by the ‘Husserl Archives’ of the ‘Higher Institute of Philosophy.’ Later, many of his research manuscripts were published in the ‘Husserliana.’. Then he moved to the Frederick William University of Berlin (the present-day Humboldt University of Berlin) in 1878 where he continued his study of mathematics under Leopold Kronecker and the renowned Karl Weierstrass. Some of his notable ideas, besides phenomenology, were transcendental subjectivism, phenomenological reduction, eidetic reduction, epoché, formal ontology, mereology, retention (and protention), and “Nachgewahren.” He served as a “Privatdozent” at ‘Halle’ and as a professor at the universities of ‘Göttingen’ and ‘Freiburg.’ He had a fruitful stint following his retirement. [128][129], German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Also 'phenomenological epoché' or 'phenomenological bracketing' or transcendental reduction'. : Thus his call in 1916 to the position of ordentlicher Professor (university professor) at the University of Freiburg meant a new beginning for Husserl in every respect. [77] Such an object does not simply strike the senses, to be interpreted or misinterpreted by mental reason; it has already been selected and grasped, grasping being an etymological connotation, of percipere, the root of "perceive".[78]. This work was published first in French. [127]:3–4, The influence of the Husserlian phenomenological tradition in the 21st century extends beyond the confines of the European and North American legacies. In 1921 the prestige of Hartmann the Neo-Kantian, who was Professor of Philosophy at Marburg, was added to the Movement; he "publicly declared his solidarity with the actual work of die Phänomenologie." Biography of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) German philosopher, born at Prossnitz in 1859 and died in Freiburg im Breisgau in 1938. It secured his reputation, influenced philosophers such as Emil Lask and Martin Heidegger, and also contributed to the development of phenomenology, structuralism, and continental philosophy. His combination of utter respect for the structure of Husserl's thought with the equally firm conviction that this structure could be given a naturalistic interpretation was undoubtedly a key influence on my own subsequent philosophical strategy.[126]. To philosophy the ‘ University of Leipzig ’ from 1876 to 1878 Freiburg ’ as a professor of that. Physics and philosophy ( 1965 ). [ 123 ] value ; for Husserl 's Méditations (! 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